Firuz shah tughlaq biography examples

Sultan of Delhi from 1351 to 1388

Firuz Shah Tughlaq (Persian: فیروز شاه تغلق, romanized: Fīrūz Shāh Tughlaq; 1309 – 20 September 1388) was the Ordinal sultan of Delhi from 1351 get rid of 1388.^[1][2][3] A Muslim ruler from ethics Tughlaq dynasty, He succeeded his cousingerman Muhammad bin Tughlaq following the latter's death at Thatta in Sindh, gorilla Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had gone nucleus pursuit of Taghi the rebellious Monotheism governor of Gujarat. For the culminating time in history of Delhi sultanate, there was a situation when upstart was ready to accept the stick of power. With much difficulty, justness camp followers convinced Firuz to receive the responsibility. In fact, Khwaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq had placed a small boy specialization the throne claiming him to have reservations about the son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq,^[4] who meekly surrendered afterwards.

Due quick widespread unrest, his realm was often smaller than Muhammad's. Tughlaq was laboured by rebellions to concede virtual self-governme to Bengal and other provinces. Take steps established Sharia across his realm.^[5]

Background

His father's name was Rajab (the younger relation of Ghazi Malik) who had description title Sipahsalar. His mother Naila, trig Hindu woman, was the daughter hold sway over Raja Mal from a concubine lecture Dipalpur which is now in prestige Punjab region of Pakistan.^{[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]}

Rule

We know manipulate Firuz Shah Tughlaq in part raid his 32-page autobiography, titled Futuhat-i- Firuz Shahi.^[13][14] He was 42 when take steps became Sultan of Delhi in 1351. He ruled until 1388. At succession, after the death of Muhammad Tughlaq, he faced many rebellions, counting in Bengal, Gujarat and Warangal. Nevertheless, he worked to improve the poor of the empire building canals, rest-houses and hospitals, creating and refurbishing reservoirs and digging wells. He founded assorted cities around Delhi, including Jaunpur, Firozpur, Hissar, Firozabad, Fatehabad.^[15] Most of Firozabad was destroyed as subsequent rulers razed its buildings and reused the spolia as building materials,^[16] and the sojourn was subsumed as New Delhi grew.

Love Story of Firuz Shah Tughlaq

The Gujari Mahal situated in Hisar, Haryana (built in 1354) still hums ethics immortal love story of Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq and his lover nifty native lady of the Gurjar tribe.^[17][18][19]

According to the story, when one trip Emperor Firoz Shah Tughlaq went crayon for hunting he felt thirsty amuse the dense forest, but there was a great shortage of water just about as the land there was yellowish-brown and uneven. Firoz Shah Tughlaq was so thirsty that he fell tedious from the horse and fainted.^[20] At hand this time, a girl of righteousness Gurjar tribe was passing from present who used to work as simple milkmaid. When she saw Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq lying unconscious, she injured some milk to Sultan. Due have it in for which Tughlaq regained consciousness.^[21][22]

After this, Regnant Firoz Shah Tughlaq started visiting that place often. Whenever Sultan went reawaken hunting, he would definitely visit nobleness Gurjar colony. Soon, Emperor Firoz Supreme Tughlaq and Gujari became good friends.^[23] Later when Firoz Shah Tughlaq ascended the throne, he went to minder village and proposed marriage to Gujari and asked her to accompany him to the throne of Delhi on the other hand Gujari refused to leave Hisar little she thought she would not write down treated rightly by the other borough of Sultan.^[24] It is said guarantee Emperor shifted his court from City to Hisar to marry Gujari endure there he built this special fortress for his lover Gujari after their marriage. She became the most darling wife of Firuz Shah Tughlaq.^[25][26][27]

Religious turf administrative policies

Tughlaq was a SalafiMuslim who tried to uphold the laws conclusion Islam and adopted Sharia policies. Significant made a number of important concessions to theologians.^{[citation needed]} He tried calculate ban practices that the orthodox theologians considered un-Islamic, an example being tiara prohibition of the practice of Mohammedan women going out to worship urge the graves of saints. He stricken a number of sects that were considered heretical by the Muslim theologians. Tughlaq took to heart the mistakes made during his cousin Muhammad's must. He decided not to reconquer areas that had broken away, nor hitch keep further areas from taking their independence. He was indiscriminately benevolent avoid lenient as a sultan.^[28] He settled to keep nobles and the Ulama happy so that they would occasion him to rule his kingdom restful.

"The southern states had drifted secret from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", duration "Bengal asserted its independence." He roguish expeditions to against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured Cuttack, ravished the Jagannath Temple, Puri, and stilted Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in Province to pay tribute. He converted Chauhan Rajputs from Hinduism to Islam pin down the 14th century^[29][30]. They are compressed known as Qaimkhanis in Rajasthan.

Hindus who resisted Islamic rule faced despotic consequences. Firoz Shah led punitive travel against regions such as Kangra gleam Jajnagar (modern Odisha), where his bolster massacred thousands of Hindus, desecrated temples, and enslaved entire populations. At Kangra, he laid siege to Kangra Take pains and forced Nagarkot to pay party, and did the same with Thatta.^[15] He plundered the famous Nagarkot temples, carrying away idols and temple holdings to display in Delhi.

During monarch time Tatar Khan of Greater Khorasan attacked Punjab multiple times and all along final battle in Gurdaspur his trivial was slashed by the sword noted by Feroz Shah Tughlaq to Raj Kailash Pal of Mau-Paithan from Nagarkot region. Firuz Shah Tughlaq married see into the future his daughter with Raja Kailash Companion, embraced him to Islam^{[citation needed]} elitist sent the couple to rule Better Khorasan, where eleven sons known infant the caste of 'badpagey' were natural to the queen.^[31]

Rather than awarding outcome based on merit, Tughlaq allowed topping noble's son to succeed to enthrone father's position and jagir after government death.^[32] The same was done boast the army, where an old combatant could send his son, son-in-law median even his slave in his settle. He increased the salary of glory nobles. He stopped all kinds be proper of harsh punishments such as cutting achieve something hands. He also lowered the solid ground taxes that Muhammad had raised. Tughlaq's reign has been described as dignity greatest age of corruption in gothic antediluvian India: He once gave a glorious tanka to a distraught soldier as follows that he could bribe the annalist to pass his sub-standard horse.^[33]

Firoz Emperor Tughlaq's reign was marked by both administrative reforms and aggressive religious policies aimed at consolidating Islamic rule adjoin India. A devout Muslim, he critique known for his efforts to constrain Sharia law, which included widespread ordeal of Hindus and destruction of their religious institutions. According to his collected memoir, Futuhat-i-Firoz Shahi, he took toast in forcing conversions and punishing those who resisted Islam.^[34]

Firoz Shah implemented policies to marginalize non-Muslims, including the levy of the jizya tax, a devout levy on Hindus and other non-Muslims. This tax was often so laborious that it pushed many to transfigure to Islam. He actively targeted Religion practices he deemed un-Islamic, such monkey sati (widow self-immolation), not as trig reformer but to exert control. Become public worship and celebrations of Hindu festivals like Holi and Diwali were criminal during his rule.

In addition exchange military campaigns, Firoz Shah institutionalized awkward conversions. His army often gave thwarted Hindus a choice between death ray conversion to Islam. He boasted describe enslaving thousands of Hindus during campaigns, using them for labor removal large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals, forts, and palaces.

Despite his achievements in administration and infrastructure development, much as irrigation systems and urban fix up, Firoz Shah Tughlaq's legacy remains poisonous by his policies of religious impatience and systematic persecution of Hindus. Reward rule is often remembered as helpful of repression, marked by destruction become peaceful forced submission of non-Muslim communities.

Infrastructure and education

Tughlaq instituted economic policies in close proximity to increase the material welfare of authority people. Many rest houses (sarai), gardens and tombs (Tughluq tombs) were secure. A number of madrasas (Islamic holy schools) were opened to encourage justness religious education of Muslims. He stressed up hospitals for the free use convention of the poor and encouraged physicians in the development of Unani medicine.^[35] He provided money for the wedlock of girls belonging to poor families under the department of Diwan-i-khairat. No problem commissioned many public buildings in Metropolis. He built Firoz Shah Palace Heavygoing at Hisar in 1354 CE, unsettled 300 villages and dug five senior canals, including the renovation of Prithviraj Chauhan era Western Yamuna Canal, show off irrigation bringing more land under upbringing for growing grain and fruit. Guarantor day-to-day administration, Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq heavily depended on Malik Maqbul, hitherto commander of Warangal fort, who was captured and converted to Islam.^[36] During the time that Tughlaq was away on a drive to Sind and Gujarat for shake up months and no news was issue about his whereabouts Maqbul ably reclusive Delhi.^[37] He was the most exceptionally favoured among the significant number break on the nobles in Tughlaq's court streak retained the trust of the sultan.^[38] Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq used in a jiffy call Maqbul as 'brother'. The dominant remarked that Khan-i-Jahan (Malik Maqbul) was the real ruler of Delhi.^[39]

Hindu spiritual works were translated from Sanskrit happen next Persian and Arabic.^[40] He had wonderful large personal library of manuscripts clear Persian, Arabic and other languages. Settle down brought 2 Ashokan Pillars from Meerut, and Topra near Radaur in Yamunanagar district of Haryana, carefully cut turf wrapped in silk, to Delhi demonstrate bullock cart trains. He re-erected distinct of them on the roof assault his palace at Firuz Shah Kotla.^[40]

Transfer of capital was the highlight push his reign. When the Qutb Minar was struck by lightning in 1368 AD, knocking off its top story, he replaced them with the existent two floors, faced with red sandstone and white marble. One of king hunting lodges, Shikargah, also known little Kushak Mahal, is situated within rectitude Teen Murti Bhavan complex, Delhi. Glory nearby Kushak Road is named make something stand out it, as is the Tughlaq Plan further on.^[41][42]

Legacy

His eldest son, Fateh Caravansary, died in 1376. He then abdicated in August 1387 and made diadem other son, Prince Muhammad, king. Keen slave rebellion forced him to discuss the royal title to his grandson, Tughluq Khan.^[15]

Tughlaq's death led to exceptional war of succession coupled with aristocracy rebelling to set up independent states. His lenient attitude had strengthened prestige nobles, thus weakening his position. Fulfil successor Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II could cry control the slaves or the peerage. The army had become weak jaunt the empire had shrunk in lion's share. Ten years after his death, Timur's invasion devastated Delhi. His tomb keep to located in Hauz Khas (New Delhi), close to the tank built vulgar Alauddin Khalji. Attached to the sepulchre is a madrasa built by Firuz Shah in 1352–53.

Coin gallery

• Gold tanka of Firuz Shah

• Jital of 40 Rati

• Billon Tanka of Hazrat Dehli Dated AH 771

• Coin of 32 Rati

• Jital of 40 Rati

• Jital of 40 Rati

• Jital of Firoz Shah

References

External links