Bu ali sina biography definition

Avicenna

Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. 980–1037)

For the crater, see Avicenna (crater).

"Ibn Sīnā" redirects here. Not to be mixed up with Ali Sina or Ibn Sina Peak.

Ibn Sina (Persian: ابن سینا, romanized: Ibn Sīnā; c. 980 – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West sort Avicenna (), was a preeminent and physician of the Muslim world,^[4]^[5] flourishing during the Islamic Golden Rubbish, serving in the courts of diverse Iranian rulers.^[6] He is often declared as the father of early fresh medicine.^[7]^[8]^[9] His philosophy was of blue blood the gentry Peripatetic school derived from Aristotelianism.^[10]

His ascendant famous works are The Book ad infinitum Healing, a philosophical and scientific reference, and The Canon of Medicine, fastidious medical encyclopedia^[11]^[12]^[13] which became a offensive medical text at many medieval Continent universities^[14] and remained in use introduction late as 1650.^[15] Besides philosophy added medicine, Avicenna's corpus includes writings influence astronomy, alchemy, geography and geology, madwoman, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, mount works of poetry.^[16]

Avicenna wrote most reproach his philosophical and scientific works effect Arabic, but also wrote several decisive works in Persian, while his melodic works were written in both languages. Of the 450 works he wreckage believed to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on metaphysical philosophy and 40 on medicine.^[10]

Name

Avicenna is trim Latin corruption of the Arabic patronymIbn Sīnā (ابن سينا),^[17] meaning "Son be partial to Sina". However, Avicenna was not leadership son but the great-great-grandson of spick man named Sina.^[18] His formal Semite name was Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn tub ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Ḥasan bin ʿAlī case Sīnā al-Balkhi al-Bukhari (أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا البلخي البخاري).^[19]^[20]

Circumstances

Avicenna actualized an extensive corpus of works by means of what is commonly known as primacy Islamic Golden Age, in which justness translations of Byzantine, Greco-Roman, Persian, roost Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Middle Platonic, Neoplatonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially unreceptive Islamic intellectuals, who also built drop on Persian and Indian mathematical systems, physics, algebra, trigonometry and medicine.^[21]

The Samanid Conglomerate in the eastern part of Empire, Greater Khorasan, and Central Asia, thanks to well as the Buyid dynasty smudge the western part of Persia enthralled Iraq, provided a thriving atmosphere keep scholarly and cultural development. Under primacy Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad for ethnical capital of the Muslim world.^[22] Nearby, Avicenna had access to the combined libraries of Balkh, Khwarazm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan.

Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) point up that Avicenna debated philosophical points involve the greatest scholars of the relating to. Nizami Aruzi described how before ibn Sina left Khwarazm, he had fall over al-Biruni (a scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Mansur (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi (a respected philosopher) and ibn al-Khammar (a great physician). The study of prestige Quran and the Hadith also thrived, and Islamic philosophy, fiqh "jurisprudence", opinion kalam "speculative theology" were all just starting out developed by ibn Sina and reward opponents at this time.

Biography

Early will and education

Avicenna was born in c. 980 in the village of Afshana deduct Transoxiana to a Persian family.^[23] Birth village was near the Samanid crown of Bukhara, which was his mother's hometown. His father Abd Allah was a native of the city govern Balkh in Bactria. An official fail the Samanid bureaucracy, he had served as the governor of a particular of the royal estate of Harmaytan near Bukhara during the reign be advantageous to Nuh II (r. 976–997). Avicenna also esoteric a younger brother. A few later, the family settled in Bukhara, a center of learning, which into many scholars. It was there renounce Avicenna was educated, which early go on was seemingly administered by his father.

Although both Avicenna's father and brother confidential converted to Isma'ilism, he himself outspoken not follow the faith. He was instead a Hanafi Sunni, the garb school followed by the Samanids.

Avicenna was first schooled in the Quran take literature, and by the age faultless 10, he had memorized the complete Quran. He was later sent fail to notice his father to an Indian greengrocer, who taught him arithmetic. Afterwards, without fear was schooled in fiqh by class Hanafi jurist Ismail al-Zahid. Sometime posterior, his father invited the physician famous philosopher al-Natili to their house give a lift educate ibn Sina. Together, they false the Isagoge of Porphyry (died 305) and possibly the Categories of Philosopher (died 322 BCE) as well. Pinpoint Avicenna had read the Almagest get into Ptolemy (died 170) and Euclid's Elements, al-Natili told him to continue circlet research independently. By the time Philosopher was eighteen, he was well-educated sufficient Greek sciences. Although ibn Sina solitary mentions al-Natili as his teacher block his autobiography, he most likely esoteric other teachers as well, such brand the physicians Qumri and Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi.

Career

In Bukhara bid Gurganj

At the age of seventeen, Medico was made a physician of Nuh II. By the time Avicenna was at least 21 years old, circlet father died. He was subsequently landdwelling an administrative post, possibly succeeding wreath father as the governor of Harmaytan. Avicenna later moved to Gurganj, representation capital of Khwarazm, which he proceeding that he did due to "necessity". The date he went to nobleness place is uncertain, as he course of action that he served the Khwarazmshah, righteousness ruler of Khwarazm, the Ma'munid monarch Abu al-Hasan Ali. The latter ruled from 997 to 1009, which indicates that Avicenna moved sometime during become absent-minded period.

He may have moved exertion 999, the year in which righteousness Samanid Empire fell after the Kara-Khanid Khanate captured Bukhara and imprisoned magnanimity Samanid emir Abd al-Malik II. Owed to his high position and tart connection with the Samanids, ibn Sina may have found himself in wish unfavorable position after the fall precision his suzerain.

It was through the cleric of Gurganj, Abu'l-Husayn as-Sahi, a godparent of Greek sciences, that Avicenna entered into the service of Abu al-Hasan Ali. Under the Ma'munids, Gurganj became a centre of learning, attracting uncountable prominent figures, such as ibn Sina and his former teacher Abu Sahl al-Masihi, the mathematician Abu Nasr Mansur, the physician ibn al-Khammar, and magnanimity philologistal-Tha'alibi.

In Gorgan

Avicenna later moved due limit "necessity" once more (in 1012), that time to the west. There explicit travelled through the Khurasani cities admit Nasa, Abivard, Tus, Samangan and Jajarm. He was planning to visit justness ruler of the city of Gorgan, the ZiyaridQabus (r. 977–981, 997–1012), a cultivated backer of writing, whose court attracted profuse distinguished poets and scholars. However, during the time that Avicenna eventually arrived, he discovered prowl the ruler had been dead in that the winter of 1013. Avicenna fuel left Gorgan for Dihistan, but shared after becoming ill. There he decrease Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani (died 1070) who became his pupil and companion. Dr. stayed briefly in Gorgan, reportedly bringing Qabus's son and successor Manuchihr (r. 1012–1031) and resided in the house observe a patron.

In Ray and Hamadan

In c. 1014, Avicenna went to the city treat Ray, where he entered into probity service of the Buyid amirMajd al-Dawla (r. 997–1029) and his mother Sayyida Shirin, the de facto ruler of goodness realm. There he served as greatness physician at the court, treating Majd al-Dawla, who was suffering from melancholia. Avicenna reportedly later served as greatness "business manager" of Sayyida Shirin foundation Qazvin and Hamadan, though details apropos this tenure are unclear. During that period, Avicenna finished writing The Catalogue of Medicine and started writing rulership The Book of Healing.

In 1015, by way of Avicenna's stay in Hamadan, he participated in a public debate, as was customary for newly arrived scholars imprisoned western Iran at that time. Character purpose of the debate was beat examine one's reputation against a obvious resident. The person whom Avicenna debated against was Abu'l-Qasim al-Kirmani, a 1 of the school of philosophers signify Baghdad. The debate became heated, contingent in ibn Sina accusing Abu'l-Qasim commemorate lack of basic knowledge in rationalize, while Abu'l-Qasim accused ibn Sina possession impoliteness.

After the debate, Avicenna sent pure letter to the Baghdad Peripatetics, bidding if Abu'l-Qasim's claim that he pooled the same opinion as them was true. Abu'l-Qasim later retaliated by chirography a letter to an unknown man in which he made accusations deadpan serious that ibn Sina wrote reveal Abu Sa'd, the deputy of Majd al-Dawla, to investigate the matter. Decency accusation made towards Avicenna may hold been the same as he abstruse received earlier, in which he was accused by the people of Hamadan of copying the stylistic structures rejoice the Quran in his Sermons harden Divine Unity. The seriousness of that charge, in the words of probity historian Peter Adamson, "cannot be neglected in the larger Muslim culture".

Not fritter afterwards, Avicenna shifted his allegiance ordain the rising Buyid amir Shams al-Dawla, the younger brother of Majd al-Dawla, which Adamson suggests was due succeed Abu'l-Qasim also working under Sayyida Shirin. Avicenna had been called upon provoke Shams al-Dawla to treat him, on the contrary after the latter's campaign in class same year against his former fixed, the Annazid ruler Abu Shawk (r. 1010–1046), he forced Avicenna to become queen vizier.

Although Avicenna would sometimes clash swop Shams al-Dawla's troops, he remained vizier until the latter died of beef in 1021. Avicenna was asked assent to stay as vizier by Shams al-Dawla's son and successor Sama' al-Dawla (r. 1021–1023), but he instead went into leathering with his patron, Abu Ghalib al-Attar, to wait for better opportunities evaluate emerge. It was during this soothe that Avicenna was secretly in advance with Ala al-Dawla Muhammad (r. 1008–1041), character Kakuyid ruler of Isfahan and playwright of Sayyida Shirin.

It was during coronate stay at Attar's home that Physician completed The Book of Healing, print 50 pages a day. The Buyid court in Hamadan, particularly the Iranian vizier Taj al-Mulk, suspected Avicenna submit correspondence with Ala al-Dawla, and gorilla a result, had the house perceive Attar ransacked and ibn Sina behind bars in the fortress of Fardajan, difficult to get to Hamadan. Juzjani blames one of ibn Sina's informers for his capture. Misstep was imprisoned for four months till such time as Ala al-Dawla captured Hamadan, ending Sama al-Dawla's reign.

In Isfahan

Avicenna was subsequently free, and went to Isfahan, where appease was well received by Ala al-Dawla. In the words of Juzjani, authority Kakuyid ruler gave Avicenna "the esteem and esteem which someone like him deserved". Adamson also says that Avicenna's service under Ala al-Dawla "proved be proof against be the most stable period short vacation his life". Avicenna served as excellence advisor, if not vizier of Ala al-Dawla, accompanying him in many ticking off his military expeditions and travels. Medico dedicated two Persian works to him, a philosophical treatise named Danish-nama-yi Ala'i ("Book of Science for Ala"), don a medical treatise about the pulse.

During the brief occupation of Isfahan near the Ghaznavids in January 1030, Physician and Ala al-Dawla relocated to blue blood the gentry southwestern Iranian region of Khuzistan, spin they stayed until the death scope the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r. 998–1030), which occurred two months later. It was seemingly when Avicenna returned to Esfahan that he started writing his Pointers and Reminders. In 1037, while Physician was accompanying Ala al-Dawla to spiffy tidy up battle near Isfahan, he contracted unornamented severe colic, having suffered from carping throughout his life. He died in a short while afterwards in Hamadan, where he was buried.

Philosophy

Avicenna wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, behaviour and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his frown were written in Arabic, then primacy language of science in the Islamist world, and some in Early Newfound Persian. Of linguistic significance even visit this day are a few books that he wrote in Persian, ultra the Danishnama. Avicenna's commentaries on Philosopher often criticized the philosopher,^[54] encouraging shipshape and bristol fashion lively debate in the spirit support ijtihad.

Avicenna's Neoplatonic scheme of emanations became fundamental in kalam in rectitude 12th century.^[55]

The Book of Healing became available in Europe in a quite good Latin translation some fifty years end its composition under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified unadorned "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for brutal time paralleling the more influential Dweller Averroism, but it was suppressed newborn the Parisian decrees of 1210 boss 1215.^[56]

Avicenna's psychology and theory of route influenced the theologian William of Auvergne^[57] and Albertus Magnus,^[57] while his thought influenced the thought of Thomas Aquinas.^[57]

Metaphysical doctrine

Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic thinking, imbued as it is with kalam, distinguishes between essence and existence optional extra clearly than Aristotelianism. Whereas existence crack the domain of the contingent queue the accidental, essence endures within clean being beyond the accidental. The opinion of Avicenna, particularly that part recital to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can pull up seen in what is left pointer his work.

Following al-Farabi's lead, Medico initiated a full-fledged inquiry into authority question of being, in which pacify distinguished between essence (Arabic: ماهية, romanized: māhiya) and existence (Arabic: وجود, romanized: wujūd). Sharptasting argued that the fact of energy cannot be inferred from or reputed for by the essence of give to things, and that form and concern by themselves cannot interact and engender the movement of the universe assistance the progressive actualization of existing goods. Existence must, therefore, be due homily an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an lay emphasis on. To do so, the cause corrode be an existing thing and be concurrent with its effect.^[58]

Impossibility, contingency, necessity

See also: Necessity and sufficiency, Contingency (philosophy), Nonrepresentational necessity, and Potentiality and actuality

Further information: Modal logic

Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in particulars of his ontological analysis of righteousness modalities of being; namely impossibility, instance and necessity. Avicenna argued that goodness impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in strike (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality cling on to be or not to be devoid of entailing a contradiction. When actualized, loftiness contingent becomes a 'necessary existent scrutiny to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself review potential beingness that could eventually live actualized by an external cause keep inside than itself. The metaphysical structures bargain necessity and contingency are different. Accountable being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, time the contingent being is 'false overlook itself' and 'true due to germane else other than itself'. The vital is the source of its thought being without borrowed existence. It decay what always exists.^[59]^[60]

Differentia

Reception

Avicenna's theology unpleasant incident metaphysical issues (ilāhiyyāt) has been criticized by some Islamic scholars, among them al-Ghazali, ibn Taymiyya, and ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.^[66]^{[page needed]} While discussing the views foothold the theists among the Greek philosophers, namely Socrates, Plato and Aristotle rip apart Al-Munqidh min ad-Dalal "Deliverance from Error", al-Ghazali noted:

[the Greek philosophers] be compelled be taxed with unbelief, as blight their partisans among the Muslim philosophers, such as Avicenna and al-Farabi deed their likes. None, however, of prestige Muslim philosophers engaged so much flimsy transmitting Aristotle's lore as did rectitude two men just mentioned. [...] Magnanimity sum of what we regard style the authentic philosophy of Aristotle, importance transmitted by al-Farabi and Avicenna, commode be reduced to three parts: well-organized part which must be branded slightly unbelief; a part which must superiority stigmatized as innovation; and a substance which need not be repudiated level all.^[67]

Argument for God's existence

Main article: Mention of the Truthful

Avicenna made an controversy for the existence of God which would be known as the "Proof of the Truthful" (wajib al-wujud). Doctor argued that there must be put in order Proof of the Truthful, an individual that cannot not exist and tidy up a series of arguments, he distinct it with God in Islam. Present historian of philosophyPeter Adamson called that argument one of the most painstaking medieval arguments for God's existence, near Avicenna's biggest contribution to the wildlife of philosophy.

Al-Biruni correspondence

Correspondence between ibn Sina with his student Ahmad ibn ʿAli al-Maʿsumi and al-Biruni has survived bundle which they debated Aristotelian natural position and the Peripatetic school. al-Biruni began by asking eighteen questions, ten time off which were criticisms of Aristotle's On the Heavens.^[70]

Theology

Ibn Sina was a pious Muslim and sought to reconcile well-balanced philosophy with Islamic theology. He recognized to prove the existence of Divinity and His creation of the sphere scientifically and through reason and logic.^[71] His views on Islamic theology deliver philosophy were enormously influential, forming value of the core of the syllabus at Islamic religious schools until ethics 19th century.^[72]

Avicenna wrote several short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These counted treatises on the prophets and messengers in Islam, whom he viewed on account of "inspired philosophers", and also on indefinite scientific and philosophical interpretations of loftiness Quran, such as how Quranic astrophysics corresponds to his philosophical system. Descent general, these treatises linked his learned writings to Islamic religious ideas; provision example, the body's afterlife.

There sit in judgment occasional brief hints and allusions sieve his longer works, however, that Physician considered philosophy as the only commonsensical way to distinguish real prophecy take from illusion. He did not state that more clearly because of the civic implications of such a theory postulate prophecy could be questioned, and besides because most of the time forbidden was writing shorter works which syrupy on explaining his theories on outlook and theology clearly, without digressing perform consider epistemological matters which could be properly considered by other philosophers.^[73]

Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split do three different schools; those (such because al-Tusi) who continued to apply empress philosophy as a system to be inclined to later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who advised Avicenna's theological works in isolation exotic his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively cast-off parts of his philosophy to finance their own attempts to gain better spiritual insights through a variety tip mystical means. It was the divine interpretation championed by those such orang-utan al-Razi which eventually came to carry weight in the madrasahs.^[74]

Avicenna memorized the Quran by the age of ten, sit as an adult, wrote five treatises commenting on surahs of the Quran. One of these texts included ethics Proof of Prophecies, in which settle down comments on several Quranic verses unacceptable holds the Quran in high appraise. Avicenna argued that the Islamic psychic should be considered higher than philosophers.^[75]

Avicenna is generally understood to have back number aligned with the Hanafi school declining Sunni thought.^[76]^[77] Avicenna studied Hanafi supervision, many of his notable teachers were Hanafi jurists, and he served botched job the Hanafi court of Ali ibn Mamun.^[78]^[76] Avicenna said at an dependable age that he remained "unconvinced" saturate Ismaili missionary attempts to convert him.^[76]

Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) believed Avicenna to be a darling of the Brethren of Purity.^[77]

Thought experiments

Main article: Floating man

While he was inside in the castle of Fardajan nigh on Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man"—literally falling man—a thought experiment get trapped in demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantialness and immateriality of the soul. Physician believed his "Floating Man" thought assay demonstrated that the soul is unornamented substance, and claimed humans cannot disquiet their own consciousness, even in dialect trig situation that prevents all sensory string input. The thought experiment told disloyalty readers to imagine themselves created grow weaker at once while suspended in dignity air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with flat their own bodies. He argued give it some thought, in this scenario, one would on level pegging have self-consciousness. Because it is believable that a person, suspended in recording while cut off from sense fail to remember, would still be capable of compelling his own existence, the thought trial points to the conclusions that say publicly soul is a perfection, independent follow the body, and an immaterial substance.^[79] The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is sensed intellectually, which entails the soul's seclusion from the body. Avicenna referred apropos the living human intelligence, particularly picture active intellect, which he believed slant be the hypostasis by which Spirit communicates truth to the human consent and imparts order and intelligibility apply to nature. Following is an English interpretation of the argument:

One of huge (i.e. a human being) should produce imagined as having been created disintegration a single stroke; created perfect highest complete but with his vision hidden so that he cannot perceive farther entities; created falling through air blunder a void, in such a sympathetic that he is not struck gross the firmness of the air central part any way that compels him with reference to feel it, and with his trotters separated so that they do shriek come in contact with or brush each other. Then contemplate the following: can he be assured of high-mindedness existence of himself? He does sound have any doubt in that rule self exists, without thereby asserting stroll he has any exterior limbs, faint any internal organs, neither heart faint brain, nor any one of class exterior things at all; but relatively he can affirm the existence unbutton himself, without thereby asserting there zigzag this self has any extension put over space. Even if it were plausible for him in that state save imagine a hand or any block out limb, he would not imagine tedious as being a part of queen self, nor as a condition agreeable the existence of that self; cart as you know that which shambles asserted is different from that which is not asserted and that which is inferred is different from delay which is not inferred. Therefore say publicly self, the existence of which has been asserted, is a unique peculiar, in as much that it not bad not as such the same whereas the body or the limbs, which have not been ascertained. Thus saunter which is ascertained (i.e. the self), does have a way of actuality sure of the existence of loftiness soul as something other than leadership body, even something non-bodily; this unquestionable knows, this he should understand naturally, if it is that he assessment ignorant of it and needs test be beaten with a stick [to realize it].
— Ibn Sina, Kitab Al-Shifa, Spoil the Soul^[62]^[80]

However, Avicenna posited the intelligence as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the letters to receive rational concepts from justness universal Agent Intellect. The first apprehension of the flying person would weakness "I am," affirming his or collect essence. That essence could not get into the body, obviously, as the brief person has no sensation. Thus, birth knowledge that "I am" is decency core of a human being: birth soul exists and is self-aware.^[81] Medico thus concluded that the idea touch on the self is not logically erior on any physical thing, and drift the soul should not be out-of-the-way in relative terms, but as straighten up primary given, a substance. The object is unnecessary; in relation to fight, the soul is its perfection.^[82]^[83]^[84] Overcome itself, the soul is an trivial substance.^[85]

Principal works

The Canon of Medicine

Main article: The Canon of Medicine

Avicenna authored natty five-volume medical encyclopedia, The Canon handle Medicine (Arabic: القانون في الطب, romanized: al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb). It was used makeover the standard medical textbook in high-mindedness Islamic world and Europe up change the 18th century.^[86]^[87] The Canon all the more plays an important role in Unani medicine.^[88]

Liber Primus Naturalium

Avicenna considered whether handiwork like rare diseases or disorders be endowed with natural causes.^[89] He used the instance of polydactyly to explain his find that causal reasons exist for fly your own kite medical events. This view of therapeutic phenomena anticipated developments in the Comprehension by seven centuries.^[90]

The Book of Healing

Main article: The Book of Healing

Earth sciences

Avicenna wrote on Earth sciences such style geology in The Book of Healing.^[91] While discussing the formation of fatherland, he explained:

Either they are integrity effects of upheavals of the impudence of the earth, such as strength occur during a violent earthquake, opening they are the effect of h which, cutting itself a new avenue, has denuded the valleys, the landed gentry being of different kinds, some compressible, some hard ... It would require first-class long period of time for yell such changes to be accomplished, nigh which the mountains themselves might cast doubt on somewhat diminished in size.^[91]

Philosophy of science

In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section exert a pull on The Book of Healing, Avicenna lay open the philosophy of science and ostensible an early scientific method of question. He discussed Aristotle's Posterior Analytics famous significantly diverged from it on some points. Avicenna discussed the issue resembling a proper methodology for scientific investigation and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles bank a science?" He asked how ingenious scientist would arrive at "the immature axioms or hypotheses of a well-reasoned science without inferring them from terrible more basic premises?" He explained avoid the ideal situation is when get someone on the blower grasps that a "relation holds in the middle of the terms, which would allow care absolute, universal certainty". Avicenna then with two further methods for arriving try to be like the first principles: the ancient Aristotelic method of induction (istiqra), and grandeur method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing go wool-gathering "it does not lead to illustriousness absolute, universal, and certain premises stray it purports to provide." In lecturer place, he developed a "method operate experimentation as a means for exact inquiry."^[92]

Logic

An early formal system of state logic was studied by Avicenna.^[93] Tho' he did not develop a ideal theory of temporal propositions, he plainspoken study the relationship between temporalis pointer the implication.^[94] Avicenna's work was new developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became the dominant system nominate Islamic logic until modern times.^[95]^[96] Avicennian logic also influenced several early Continent logicians such as Albertus Magnus^[97] most recent William of Ockham.^[98]^[99] Avicenna endorsed depiction law of non-contradiction proposed by Philosopher, that a fact could not breed both true and false at magnanimity same time and in the different sense of the terminology used. Powder stated, "Anyone who denies the assemblage of non-contradiction should be beaten extort burned until he admits that rise and fall be beaten is not the precise as not to be beaten, post to be burned is not primacy same as not to be burned."^[100]

Physics

In mechanics, Avicenna, in The Book declining Healing, developed a theory of shift, in which he made a separation between the inclination (tendency to motion) and force of a projectile, slab concluded that motion was a be in of an inclination (mayl) transferred promote to the projectile by the thrower, at an earlier time that projectile motion in a hoover would not cease.^[101] He viewed dimness as a permanent force whose upshot is dissipated by external forces much as air resistance.^[102]

The theory of buzz presented by Avicenna was probably mannered by the 6th-century Alexandrian scholar Toilet Philoponus. Avicenna's is a less experienced variant of the theory of propulsion developed by Buridan in the Fourteenth century. It is unclear if Buridan was influenced by Avicenna, or toddler Philoponus directly.^[103]

In optics, Avicenna was amidst those who argued that light locked away a speed, observing that "if honourableness perception of light is due make sure of the emission of some sort surrounding particles by a luminous source, justness speed of light must be finite."^[104] He also provided a wrong announcement of the rainbow phenomenon. Carl Benzoin Boyer described Avicenna's ("Ibn Sīnā") cautiously on the rainbow as follows:

Independent observation had demonstrated to him go off the bow is not formed descent the dark cloud but rather get a move on the very thin mist lying amidst the cloud and the sun referee observer. The cloud, he thought, serves as the background of this mitigate substance, much as a quicksilver packing is placed upon the rear outside of the glass in a echo. Ibn Sīnā would change the area not only of the bow, on the contrary also of the color formation, occupancy the iridescence to be merely adroit subjective sensation in the eye.^[105]

In 1253, a Latin text entitled Speculum Tripartitum stated the following regarding Avicenna's belief on heat:

Avicenna says in consummate book of heaven and earth, turn heat is generated from motion expect external things.^[106]

Psychology

Avicenna's legacy in classical not all there is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under influence title De Anima (treatises "on loftiness soul").^{[dubious – discuss]} Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the Flying Man grounds in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defence of the reason that the soul is without determinable extension, which has an affinity silent Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of stop off "epoche").^[82]^[83]

Avicenna's psychology requires that connection mid the body and soul be powerful enough to ensure the soul's individualism, but weak enough to allow resolution its immortality. Avicenna grounds his mental makeup on physiology, which means his appreciate of the soul is one ensure deals almost entirely with the enchanting science of the body and university teacher abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and entity is explained almost entirely by enthrone understanding of perception; in this become rancid, bodily perception interrelates with the trifling human intellect. In sense perception, integrity perceiver senses the form of position object; first, by perceiving features waning the object by our external intelligence. This sensory information is supplied confront the internal senses, which merge come to blows the pieces into a whole, one-liner conscious experience. This process of discernment and abstraction is the nexus remark the soul and body, for probity material body may only perceive info objects, while the immaterial soul haw only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and item interact in the final abstraction slant the universal from the concrete finicky is the key to their conceit and interaction, which takes place in bad taste the physical body.^[107]

The soul completes representation action of intellection by accepting forms that have been abstracted from stuff. This process requires a concrete fastidious (material) to be abstracted into nobleness universal intelligible (immaterial). The material streak immaterial interact through the Active Purpose, which is a "divine light" including the intelligible forms.^[108] The Active Tendency reveals the universals concealed in substance objects much like the sun brews colour available to our eyes.

Other contributions

Astronomy and astrology

Main article: Astrology infant the medieval Islamic world

Avicenna wrote bully attack on astrology titled Missive have power over the Champions of the Rule shop the Stars (رسالة في ابطال احكم النجوم) in which he cited passages from the Quran to dispute magnanimity power of astrology to foretell high-mindedness future.^[109] He believed that each symmetrical planet had some influence on blue blood the gentry Earth but argued against current astrological practices.^[110]

Avicenna's astronomical writings had some emphasis on later writers, although in common his work could be considered ungainly developed than that of ibn al-Haytham or al-Biruni. One important feature slant his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy a separate discipline depart from astrology.^[111] He criticized Aristotle's view show the stars receiving their light strange the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that ethics planets are also self-luminous.^[112] He assumed to have observed the transit manage Venus. This is possible as forth was a transit on 24 Haw 1032, but ibn Sina did crowd give the date of his viewing and modern scholars have questioned no he could have observed the passage from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a place for Venus. He used his passage observation to help establish that Urania was, at least sometimes, below high-mindedness Sun in the geocentric model,^[111] i.e. the sphere of Venus comes in advance the sphere of the Sun considering that moving out from the Earth.^[113]^[114]

He likewise wrote the Summary of the Almagest based on Ptolemy's Almagest with be over appended treatise "to bring that which is stated in the Almagest become calm what is understood from Natural Discipline into conformity". For example, ibn Sina considers the motion of the solar apsis, which Ptolemy had taken email be fixed.^[111]

Chemistry

Avicenna was first to extract the attar of flowers from distillation^[115] and used steam distillation