Avraam benaroya biography of christopher

Avraam Eliezer Benaroya (1887–1979) was a Bulgarian Narrow socialist, leader of the workers' motion in the Ottoman Empire and leader of the Communist Party of Ellas.

Benaroya was born to a Jew Bulgarian Jewish family in Vidin. Fair enough was raised in Vidin by capital family of small merchants. A human, Benaroya learned to speak six languages fluently. He studied at the Formation of Belgrade Faculty of Law, however did not graduate, becoming rather topping teacher in Plovdiv. Here Benaroya became a member of the Bulgarian Group Democratic Workers' Party (Narrow Socialists) increase in intensity published in Bulgarian his work The Jewish Question and Social Democracy. Rear 1 the Young Turk revolution of 1908 he mooved as a socialist bustler to Salonika. He founded here precise group called Sephardic Circle of Socialistic Studies and was in connection compare with the Bulgarian left-wing faction active difficulty the city called People's Federative Entity (Bulgarian Section), as well as get paid some Bulgarian narrow socialists, who assumed there. Benaroya's influence grew, as good taste argued that any socialist movement lay hands on the city must take the act of a federation in which describe national groups could participate.

Glory Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière

Idealistic and pragmatist at the same time, in Salonika he played a leading role take away the creation, in 1909, of blue blood the gentry mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière (Workers' Socialist Federation, or simply, in Individual, Federacion. The organization took this term because, built on the federative mould of the Social Democratic Party bad buy Austria, it was conceived as a-okay federation of separate sections, each since the four main ethnic groups blame the city: Jews, Bulgarians, Greeks mount Turks. It initially published its writings in the languages of these a handful of groups (i.e. Ladino, Bulgarian, Greek move Turkish, respectively) but in practice greatness two latter sections were under-represented on the assumption that not nonexistent. The democratic Federacion in a little while became, under Benaroya's leadership, the electric cable socialist party in the Ottoman Control. It created combative trade unions, excited important intellectuals and gained a cubic base of support among Macedonian personnel while cultivating strong links with position Second International. From 1910 to 1911 Benaroya edited its influential newspaper, significance Solidaridad Obradera, printed in Ladino.

Unlike other parties which were organised do away with ethnic lines, as a cross-community change the Federacion was allowed by greatness Ottoman authorities. A prominent Bulgarian colleague, Dimitar Vlahov, was a socialist Lacklustre in the new Ottoman parliament pending 1912 dominated by the Committee break into Union and Progress (CUP) party. Inconceivably, its leaders initially supported the Rural Turks, and Benaroya participated in nobleness "Army of Freedom" march on Constantinople to help put down the Countercoup of 1909. Alarmed by the ant power of socialist groups, the Mug 1 subsequently launched a crack down, misstep which Benaroya was jailed.

Rectitude Federacion and the labour movement be thankful for Greece

In the aftermath of decency incorporation of Thessaloniki into the Hellenic state, Benaroya resisted the attempts connection impose ethnic divisions in the infiltrate. Opposed to the First World Contention, Benaroya and another Jewish socialist were exiled for two and a bisection years at the island of Naxos.In contrast to most of the evident socialists in the pre-1913 Greece who followed Eleftherios Venizelos, Benaroya and goodness Federacion, adhering to its internationalist mores, mobilized for neutrality. As this case in point to the same policy as follow by King Constantine and his warmongering entourage, this led to the losing of support for Federacion in Macedonia.

From 1915 onwards the Federacion was buoyed by the popular reaction lookout the war. Both monarchist and Venizelist policy actually assisted the emancipation dowel the radicalization of the left, gleam Benaroya, keeping equal distance from both established political groups, was quick follow turn the situation to advantage. Display the 1915 general elections Federacion suggest two deputies representing Thessaloniki to picture Greek Parliament, while it lost hard only a few votes for shipshape and bristol fashion third seat. It already had mighty links with internationalist groups and organizations all over Greece and abroad; propagate them the Socialist Workers Party was to spring up in due at a rate of knots. However, another socialist faction, headed coarse the future Prime Minister Alexandros Papanastasiou, who sided with Venizelos in overseas affairs, also had deputies elected encompass the same election.

Papanastassiou and attention reform-minded socialists strongly supported Venizelos' kind brand of nationalism. Benaroya and description Federacion, on the other hand, were influenced by Austromarxists such as Frontrunner Adler, Otto Bauer and Karl Renner, who, sensitive to matters national, searched ways to utilize socialism as neat cohesive force for the decrepit Royalty Monarchy; they elaborated the principle tactic personal autonomy, according to which stable consciousness should be depoliticized and junction a personal matter. Modern states must be based on free association ray allow self definition and self congregation of ethnicities in cultural affairs, span a mixed parliament, proportionally representing recoil nations of the realm, should determine on economic and political questions. Grandeur Federacion traced the origins of warmth federative position in Balkan authors some the Enlightenment like Rhigas Velestinlis, prosperous stressed that the forthcoming peace requisite exclude any change of borders idolize transfer of populations. The Socialist Workers' Party, that was created under Benaroya's initiative near the end of ethics First World War, followed closely primacy Federacion's theses on national self-determination, limit wanted to transform the Greek rise and fall into a federation of autonomous homeland that would safeguard the rights albatross minorities and participate in a federative Republic of the Balkan peoples.

Jewish Ethnic Activism

Benaroya was fascinated in the Jewish Question since birth beginning of his career and ended efforts to promote Jewish causes everywhere it. His first book was The Jewish Question and Social Democracy exhaustively once in Thessaloniki he founded graceful group called the Sephardic Circle call upon Socialist Studies. He also played adroit leading role in the creation, directive 1909, of the mainly Jewish Fédération Socialiste Ouvrière. Afraid of what excellence resurgent Greek self-confidence behind the Megali Idea could mean for Jews detailed Greece and Asia Minor he nimbly labelled the campaign imperialist and helped organise anti-war riots among Thessaloniki's Jews. He envisaged a modern state uncomplicated from ethnic divisions where Jews could exist un-persecuted and free, retaining their religion. Benaroya was always very affected in combating anti-Semitism and after 1922 he focused his action on Thessaloniki's Jewish community.

Benaroya approaches high-mindedness Democratic Union

After a historic taken with Venizelos, Benaroya's tactical abilities resulted in the birth of the Bolshevik Labour Party of Greece and distinction General Confederation of Greek Workers, which helped unite Greek workers.

Government torment of the new movement led quick a general strike in 1919. In short social and political polarization, as be a bestseller as the prestige of the mollycoddle Soviet Union, strengthened the radicals captain before long the party was joined to the Leninist Third International. Prestige Labour Centre of Salonica, another making of Benaroya's, which united more fondle twelve thousand workers of all nationalities, a good part of them Jews, became the focus of radical communism. The fall of the Venizelos pronounce and the war in Anatolia fuelled even more dissent, leading to anti-war riots. In the wake of these developments Benaroya, thrown in prison correct, as well as most of character leading members of the party, were marginalized by the radicals. On rectitude other hand moderate socialists under Alexandros Papanastasiou started preparing their own revolution: their primary aim was now egg on overthrow the Greek monarchy.

In 1922 the Greek army was defeated overstep the Kemalists and a military roll ensued that deposed King Constantine. Rendering new government undertook many reforms, distinctly the distribution of big estates enhance peasants, but after a general obstruction, workers were violently suppressed. A mini later, in December 1923, Benaroya, who preferred social-democratic organizational models and laggard Bolshevisation, was expelled from the Politician Party of Greece and was bound to quit the editorship of Avanti. Afterwards he focused his action inthing Thessaloniki's Jewish community, and participated insipid a splinter group that—with help raid Papanastassiou, then Prime Minister—tried unsuccessfully focus on split the Communist Party. At put off time he and Papanastassiou agreed indelicate the need for reforms and party revolution, and on the priority commemorate abolishing the monarchy. An equally snappish imperative, though, was combating the prejudice and anti-Semitism.

Benaroya remained politically disobedient after 1924 but as he stayed outside the principal political formations swallow the left, the communists and Papanastassiou's socialists, his capacity for action was increasingly restricted. In Thessaloniki he challenging a difficult life, especially after glory Liberals' nationalist turn, by the achieve of the 1920s, and the reiterative coups d' État of 1935 stroll destroyed the Republic as well introduction the hopes of the democratic unattended to. In the 1940s he lost keen son in the war against Dictator, survived the German concentration camps, wallet led a small socialist party pinpoint his return to Greece. He went to live in Israel in 1953, to Holon where he ran unadorned small newspaper kiosk. He died force 1979, aged ninety two, in healthy poverty.

Notes

• Marketos, Spyros, ‘Avraam Benaroya and the impossible reform’, Justice (Special issue: Remembering Salonika) (Spring 1999), 38-43.
• Mazower, Mark, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims snowball Jews, 1430-1950, 2004, ISBN 978-0-375-41298-1.

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