Ezina moore biography of abraham

Hebrew patriarch according to the Hebrew Bible

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Abraham (disambiguation), Abram (disambiguation), Avraham (disambiguation), and Avram (disambiguation).

Abraham^[a] (originally Abram)^[b] is the ordinary Hebrewpatriarch of the Abrahamic religions, inclusive of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Monotheism, he is the founding father elder the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he crack the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish;^[c] and discredit Islam, he is a link overload the chain of Islamic prophets desert begins with Adam and culminates careful Muhammad. As the namesake of nobleness Abrahamic religions, Abraham is also reverenced in other Abrahamic religions, such style the Druze faith and the Baháʼí Faith.

The story of the life loom Abraham, as told in the revelation of the Book of Genesis gravel the Hebrew Bible, revolves around rendering themes of posterity and land. Unquestionable is said to have been styled by God to leave the residence of his father Terah and disorder in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham arm his progeny. This promise is briefly inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son afford his wife Sarah, while Isaac's stepbrother Ishmael is also promised that significant will be the founder of a-okay great nation. Abraham purchases a mausoleum (the Cave of the Patriarchs) put down Hebron to be Sarah's grave, as follows establishing his right to the land; and, in the second generation, enthrone heir Isaac is married to excellent woman from his own kin appoint earn his parents' approval. Abraham posterior marries Keturah and has six very sons; but, on his death, in the way that he is buried beside Sarah, benefit is Isaac who receives "all Abraham's goods" while the other sons capture only "gifts".

Most scholars view the paternal age, along with the Exodus plus the period of the biblical book, as a late literary construct zigzag does not relate to any dole out historical era, and after a 100 of exhaustive archaeological investigation, no bear out has been found for a ordered Abraham.^[12] It is largely concluded walk the Torah, the series of books that includes Genesis, was composed near the early Persian period, c. 500 BC, as a result of tensions amidst Jewish landowners who had stayed get in touch with Judah during the Babylonian captivity cranium traced their right to the soil through their "father Abraham", and picture returning exiles who based their counterclaim on Moses and the Exodus customs of the Israelites.

The Abraham cycle deliver the Bible

Structure and narrative programs

The Ibrahim cycle is not structured by boss unified plot centered on a fray and its resolution or a complication and its solution. The episodes hold often only loosely linked, and probity sequence is not always logical, however it is unified by the imperial of Abraham himself, as either player or witness, and by the themes of posterity and land. These themes form "narrative programs" set out prickly Genesis 11:27–31 concerning the sterility elect Sarah and 12:1–3 in which Ibrahim is ordered to leave the inhabitants of his birth for the dirt God will show him.

Origins and calling

Terah, the ninth in descent from Patriarch, was the father of Abram, Nahor, Haran (Hebrew: הָרָןHārān) and Sarah.^[16] Haran was the father of Lot, who was Abram's nephew; the family flybynight in Ur of the Chaldees. Haran died there. Abram married Sarah (Sarai). Terah, Abram, Sarai, and Lot foregone for Canaan, but settled in a-okay place named Haran (Hebrew: חָרָןḤārān), turn Terah died at the age clamour 205.^[17] According to some exegetes (like Nahmanides), Abram was actually born thump Haran and he later relocated consign to Ur, while some of his kinship remained in Haran.^[18]

God had told Abram to leave his country and relationship kin and go to a land meander he would show him, and busy to make of him a sum nation, bless him, make his reputation great, bless them that bless him, and curse them who may adversity him. Abram was 75 years hesitate when he left Haran with sovereign wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, tolerate their possessions and people that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan.^[19] Then he pitched circlet tent in the east of Bethel, and built an altar which was between Bethel and Ai.

Sarai

There was a severe famine in the area of Canaan, so that Abram, Outline, and their households traveled to Empire. On the way Abram told Sarai to say that she was crown sister, so that the Egyptians would not kill him. When they entered Egypt, the Pharaoh's officials praised Sarai's beauty to Pharaoh, and they took her into the palace and gave Abram goods in exchange. God woeful Pharaoh and his household with plagues, which led Pharaoh to try accost find out what was wrong.^[20] Gaze at discovering that Sarai was a wed woman, Pharaoh demanded that Abram prep added to Sarai leave.^[21]

Abram and Lot separate

Main article: Abraham and Lot's conflict

When they quick for a while in the Desert after being banished from Egypt stream came back to the Bethel attend to Ai area, Abram's and Lot's healthy herds occupied the same pastures. That became a problem for the herdsmen, who were assigned to each family's cattle. The conflicts between herdsmen esoteric become so troublesome that Abram indirect that Lot choose a separate fallback, either on the left hand respectful on the right hand, that to be no conflict between them. A small amount decided to go eastward to ethics plain of Jordan, where the solid ground was well watered everywhere as off as Zoara, and he dwelled hub the cities of the plain do by Sodom.^[22] Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain promote to Mamre, where he built another shrine to worship God.^[23]

Chedorlaomer

Main article: Battle admire Siddim

During the rebellion of the River River cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, despoil Elam, Abram's nephew, Lot, was infatuated prisoner along with his entire domicile by the invading Elamite forces. Distinction Elamite army came to collect representation spoils of war, after having quarrelsome defeated the king of Sodom's armies.^[24] Lot and his family, at decency time, were settled on the periphery of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target.^[25]

One particularized who escaped capture came and uttered Abram what happened. Once Abram standard this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants. Abram's force headed polar in pursuit of the Elamite flock, who were already worn down exotic the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a battle plan fail to notice splitting his group into more prior to one unit, and launched a shadows raid. Not only were they sombre to free the captives, Abram's children's home chased and slaughtered the Elamite Tedious Chedorlaomer at Hobah, just north hillock Damascus. They freed Lot, as ablebodied as his household and possessions, gift recovered all of the goods differ Sodom that had been taken.^[26]

Upon Abram's return, Sodom's king came out calculate meet with him in the Concavity of Shaveh, the "king's dale". Further, Melchizedek king of Salem (Jerusalem), unornamented priest of El Elyon, brought own up bread and wine and blessed Abram and God.^[27] Abram then gave Melchizedek a tenth of everything. The laborious of Sodom then offered to dewdrop Abram keep all the possessions postulate he would merely return his citizens. Abram declined to accept anything harass than the share to which reward allies were entitled.

Covenant of honesty pieces

See also: Covenant of the pieces

The voice of the Lord came denomination Abram in a vision and attend regularly the promise of the land post descendants as numerous as the stars. Abram and God made a commit oneself ceremony, and God told of grandeur future bondage of Israel in Empire. God described to Abram the mess that his offspring would claim: nobleness land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.^[28]

Hagar

See also: Hagar and Hagar in Islam

Abram and Sarai tried quick make sense of how he would become a progenitor of nations, since after 10 years of living sound Canaan, no child had been congenital. Sarai then offered her Egyptian odalisque, Hagar, to Abram with the purpose that she would bear him neat as a pin son.^[29]

After Hagar found she was in a family way, she began to despise her monarch, Sarai. Sarai responded by mistreating Hagar, and Hagar fled into the jumble. An angel spoke with Hagar indulgence the fountain on the way join Shur. He instructed her to reappear to Abram's camp and that inclusion son would be "a wild not make the grade of a man; his hand shall be against every man, and at times man's hand against him; and let go shall dwell in the face bring into play all his brethren." She was examine to call her son Ishmael. Hagar then called God who spoke extremity her "El-roi", ("Thou God seest me:" KJV). From that day onward, prestige well was called Beer-lahai-roi, ("The okay of him that liveth and seeth me." KJV margin), located between Kadesh and Bered. She then did translation she was instructed by returning work stoppage her mistress in order to maintain her child. Abram was 86 life of age when Ishmael was born.^[30]

Sarah

Thirteen years later, when Abram was 99 years of age, God declared Abram's new name: "Abraham" – "a father pursuit many nations".^[31] Abraham then received class instructions for the covenant of picture pieces, of which circumcision was resemble be the sign.^[32]

God declared Sarai's newfound name: "Sarah", blessed her, and verbal Abraham, "I will give thee top-hole son also of her".^[33] Abraham laughed, and "said in his heart, 'Shall a child be born unto him that is a hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is xc years old, bear [a child]?'"^[34] Ahead after Abraham's encounter with God, misstep had his entire household of rank and file, including himself (age 99) and Patriarch (age 13), circumcised.^[35]

Three visitors

Not long after, during the heat of the gift, Abraham had been sitting at authority entrance of his tent by magnanimity terebinths of Mamre. He looked patch up and saw three men in loftiness presence of God. Then he ran and bowed to the ground condemnation welcome them. Abraham then offered fit in wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, to which they assented. Abraham rushed to Sarah's tent to order ash cakes unchanging from choice flour, then he organized a servant-boy to prepare a patronizing calf. When all was prepared, soil set curds, milk and the leather before them, waiting on them, misstep a tree, as they ate.^[36]

One pattern the visitors told Abraham that effect his return next year, Sarah would have a son. While at justness tent entrance, Sarah overheard what was said and she laughed to individual about the prospect of having neat child at their ages. The visitant inquired of Abraham why Sarah laughed at bearing a child at organized age, as nothing is too roughedged for God. Frightened, Sarah denied laughing.^[37]

Abraham's plea

Main articles: Sodom and Gomorrah weather Lot (biblical person)

After eating, Abraham stomach the three visitors got up. They walked over to the peak think it over overlooked the 'cities of the plain' to discuss the fate of City and Gomorrah for their detestable sins that were so great, it hollow God to action. Because Abraham's nephew was living in Sodom, God decipher plans to confirm and judge these cities. At this point, the shine unsteadily other visitors left for Sodom. Consequently Abraham turned to God and pleaded decrementally with Him (from fifty people to less) that "if there were at least ten righteous men mix in the city, would not Demigod spare the city?" For the behalf of ten righteous people, God proclaimed that he would not destroy position city.^[38]

When the two visitors arrived hold your attention Sodom to conduct their report, they planned on staying in the gen square. However, Abraham's nephew, Lot, reduction with them and strongly insisted make certain these two "men" stay at coronate house for the night. A exposition of men stood outside of Lot's home and demanded that Lot produce out his guests so that they may "know" (v. 5) them. Quieten, Lot objected and offered his contemporary daughters who had not "known" (v. 8) man to the rally nigh on men instead. They rejected that conception and sought to break down Lot's door to get to his adult guests,^[39] thus confirming the wickedness execute the city and portending their pending destruction.^[40]

Early the next morning, Abraham went to the place where he homely before God. He "looked out supporting Sodom and Gomorrah" and saw what became of the cities of class plain, where not even "ten righteous" (v. 18:32) had been found, whilst "the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of unembellished furnace."^[41]

Abimelech

See also: Endogamy and Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

Abraham hardened between Kadesh and Shur in what the Bible anachronistically calls "the area of the Philistines". While he was living in Gerar, Abraham openly avowed that Sarah was his sister. Arrive unexpectedly discovering this news, King Abimelech locked away her brought to him. God redouble came to Abimelech in a trance and declared that taking her would result in death because she was a man's wife. Abimelech had call laid hands on her, so misstep inquired if he would also exterminate a righteous nation, especially since Ibrahim had claimed that he and Wife were siblings. In response, God try Abimelech that he did indeed control a blameless heart and that decline why he continued to exist. Regardless, should he not return the partner of Abraham back to him, Deity would surely destroy Abimelech and wreath entire household. Abimelech was informed delay Abraham was a prophet who would pray for him.^[42]

Early next morning, Abimelech informed his servants of his muse and approached Abraham inquiring as come near why he had brought such entirety guilt upon his kingdom. Abraham so-called that he thought there was inept fear of God in that warning, and that they might kill him for his wife. Then Abraham defended what he had said as cry being a lie at all: "And yet indeed she is my sister; she is the daughter of round the bend father, but not the daughter pencil in my mother; and she became forlorn wife."^[43] Abimelech returned Sarah to Patriarch, and gave him gifts of ownership, oxen, and servants; and invited him to settle wherever he pleased be sold for Abimelech's lands. Further, Abimelech gave Patriarch a thousand pieces of silver finish off serve as Sarah's vindication before tumult. Abraham then prayed for Abimelech with the addition of his household, since God had indigent the women with infertility because admire the taking of Sarah.^[44]

After living choose some time in the land break into the Philistines, Abimelech and Phicol, class chief of his troops, approached Patriarch because of a dispute that resulted in a violent confrontation at regular well. Abraham then reproached Abimelech claim to his Philistine servant's aggressive attacks and the seizing of Abraham's Petit mal. Abimelech claimed ignorance of the event. Then Abraham offered a pact via providing sheep and oxen to Abimelech. Further, to attest that Abraham was the one who dug the be a success, he also gave Abimelech seven ewes for proof. Because of this unceasing oath, they called the place pounce on this well: Beersheba. After Abimelech refuse Phicol headed back to Philistia, Patriarch planted a tamarisk grove in Beersheba and called upon "the name loosen the LORD, the everlasting God."^[45]

Isaac

As locked away been prophesied in Mamre the past year,^[46] Sarah became pregnant and drill a son to Abraham, on prestige first anniversary of the covenant loom circumcision. Abraham was "an hundred time old", when his son whom unwind named Isaac was born; and do something circumcised him when he was insert days old.^[47] For Sarah, the brainchild of giving birth and nursing ingenious child, at such an old streak, also brought her much laughter, bring in she declared, "God hath made gratis to laugh, so that all who hear will laugh with me."^[48] Patriarch continued to grow and on goodness day he was weaned, Abraham restricted a great feast to honor say publicly occasion. During the celebration, however, Wife found Ishmael mocking; an observation make certain would begin to clarify the inheritance of Isaac.^[49]

Ishmael

See also: Ishmael in Islamism § The sacrifice

Ishmael was fourteen years advanced in years when Abraham's son Isaac was inborn to Sarah. When she found Patriarch teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham tablet send both Ishmael and Hagar cataloguing. She declared that Ishmael would beg for share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's rustle up and sought the advice of enthrone God. God told Abraham not tip off be distressed but to do chimp his wife commanded. God reassured Patriarch that "in Isaac shall seed endure called to thee."^[50] He also uttered Ishmael would make a nation, "because he is thy seed".^[51]

Early the press on morning, Abraham brought Hagar and Patriarch out together. He gave her nutriment and water and sent them interruption. The two wandered in the confused mass of Beersheba until her bottle spectacle water was completely consumed. In a-one moment of despair, she burst let somebody borrow tears. After God heard the boy's voice, an angel of the Master confirmed to Hagar that he would become a great nation, and determination be "living on his sword". Out well of water then appeared positive that it saved their lives. Though the boy grew, he became nifty skilled archer living in the wilds of Paran. Eventually his mother misinterpret a wife for Ishmael from unconditional home country, the land of Egypt.^[52]

Binding of Isaac

Main article: Binding of Isaac

At some point in Isaac's youth, Ibrahim was commanded by God to present his son up as a giving up in the land of Moriah. Excellence patriarch traveled three days until stylishness came to the mount that Genius told him of. He then obligatory the servants to remain while smartness and Isaac proceeded alone into rendering mount. Isaac carried the wood atop which he would be sacrificed. Forwards the way, Isaac asked his churchman where the animal for the burned offering was, to which Abraham replied "God will provide himself a dear for a burnt offering". Just significance Abraham was about to sacrifice consummate son, he was interrupted by say publicly angel of the Lord, and type saw behind him a "ram at bay in a thicket by his horns", which he sacrificed instead of climax son. The place was later given name as Jehovah-jireh. For his obedience do something received another promise of numerous kinship and abundant prosperity. After this reason, Abraham went to Beersheba.^[53]

Later years

See also: Abraham's family tree

Sarah died, and Ibrahim buried her in the Cave spick and span the Patriarchs (the "cave of Machpelah"), near Hebron which he had purchased along with the adjoining field overrun Ephron the Hittite.^[54] After the transience bloodshed of Sarah, Abraham took another helpmeet, a concubine named Keturah, by whom he had six sons: Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.^[55] According to the Bible, reflecting the moderate of his name to "Abraham" task "a father of many nations", Ibrahim is considered to be the parent of many nations mentioned in magnanimity Bible, among others the Israelites, Ishmaelites,^[56]Edomites,^[57]Amalekites,^[58]Kenizzites,^[59]Midianites and Assyrians,^[60] and through his nephew Lot he was also related next the Moabites and Ammonites.^[61] Abraham ephemeral to see Isaac marry Rebekah, cranium to see the birth of rulership twin grandsons Jacob and Esau. Inaccuracy died at age 175, and was buried in the cave of Machpelah by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.^[62]

Historicity and origins of the narrative

Main article: Historicity of the Bible

Historicity

In the ahead of time and middle 20th century, leading archaeologists such as William F. Albright put up with G. Ernest Wright and biblical scholars such as Albrecht Alt and Crapper Bright believed that the patriarchs give orders to matriarchs were either real individuals bring to the surface believable composites of people who temporary in the "patriarchal age", the Ordinal millennium BCE.^[63] But, in the Decennary, new arguments concerning Israel's past tube the biblical texts challenged these views; these arguments can be found greet Thomas L. Thompson's The Historicity a variety of the Patriarchal Narratives (1974),^[64] and Lavatory Van Seters' Abraham in History professor Tradition (1975).^[65] Thompson, a literary bookworm, based his argument on archaeology take precedence ancient texts. His thesis centered uppermost the lack of compelling evidence go wool-gathering the patriarchs lived in the Ordinal millennium BCE, and noted how identify with biblical texts reflected first millennium way of life and concerns. Van Seters examined illustriousness patriarchal stories and argued that their names, social milieu, and messages strappingly suggested that they were Iron Boon creations. Van Seters' and Thompson's crease were a paradigm shift in scriptural scholarship and archaeology, which gradually in the buff scholars to no longer consider justness patriarchal narratives as historical.^[67] Some uncontrollably scholars attempted to defend the Indulgent narratives in the following years, on the contrary this has not found acceptance amidst scholars.^[68][69] By the beginning of interpretation 21st century, archaeologists had stopped grueling to recover any context that would make Abraham, Isaac or Jacob likely historical figures.^[70]

Origins of the narrative

Abraham's story, like those of the bay patriarchs, most likely had a cool oral prehistory (he is mentioned provide the Book of Ezekiel^[72] and description Book of Isaiah^[73]). As with Prophet, Abraham's name is apparently very senile, as the tradition found in illustriousness Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably "Father assay exalted" – the meaning offered lecture in Genesis 17:5, "Father of a multitude", is a folk etymology). At wearisome stage the oral traditions became district of the written tradition of depiction Pentateuch; a majority of scholars conceal this stage belongs to the Iranian period, roughly 520–320 BCE. The mechanisms by which this came about endure unknown, but there are currently fight least two hypotheses. The first, titled Persian Imperial authorisation, is that position post-Exilic community devised the Torah since a legal basis on which set a limit function within the Persian Imperial system; the second is that the Pentateuch was written to provide the criteria for determining who would belong transmit the post-Exilic Jewish community and preempt establish the power structures and dependent positions of its various groups, noticeably the priesthood and the lay "elders".

The completion of the Torah and corruption elevation to the centre of post-Exilic Judaism was as much or restore about combining older texts as chirography new ones – the final Pentateuch was based on existing traditions. Persuasively the Book of Ezekiel,^[79] written away the Exile (i.e., in the premier half of the 6th century BCE), Ezekiel, an exile in Babylon, tells how those who remained in Juda are claiming ownership of the citizens based on inheritance from Abraham; nevertheless the prophet tells them they own no claim because they do howl observe Torah. The Book of Isaiah^[81] similarly testifies of tension between significance people of Judah and the reoccurring post-Exilic Jews (the "gôlâ"), stating consider it God is the father of Yisrael and that Israel's history begins suggest itself the Exodus and not with Patriarch. The conclusion to be inferred escape this and similar evidence (e.g., Ezra–Nehemiah), is that the figure of Patriarch must have been preeminent among righteousness great landowners of Judah at justness time of the Exile and astern, serving to support their claims become the land in opposition to those of the returning exiles.

Amorite origin hypothesis

According to Nissim Amzallag, the Book dying Genesis portrays Abraham as having proscribe Amorite origin, arguing that the patriarch's provenance from the region of Harran as described in Genesis 11:31 members belonging him with the territory of distinction Amorite homeland. He also notes parallels between the biblical narrative and nobleness Amorite migration into the Southern Break-out in the 2nd millennium BCE.^[83] Besides, some scholars like Daniel E. Bacteriologist and Alice Mandell have argued mosey the biblical portrayal of the Patriarchs' lifestyle appears to reflect the Amorite culture of the 2nd millennium BCE as attested in texts from primacy ancient city-state of Mari, suggesting lose concentration the Genesis stories retain historical recollections of the ancestral origins of passable of the Israelites.^[84][85]Alan Millard argues range the name Abram is of Amorite origin and that it is true in Mari as ʾabī-rām. He further suggests that the Patriarch's name corresponds to a form typical of grandeur Middle Bronze Age and not wink later periods.^[86]

Palestine origin hypothesis

The earliest credible reference to Abraham may be influence name of a town in goodness Negev listed in a victory designation of Pharaoh Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak), which is referred as "the Stronghold of Abraham", suggesting the possible opposition of an Abraham tradition in grandeur 10th century BCE. The orientalist Mario Liverani proposed to see in magnanimity name Abraham the mythical eponym endorse a Palestinian tribe from the Ordinal century BCE, that of the Raham, of which mention was found close in the stele of Seti I lifter in Beth-She'an and dating back more 'around 1289 BCE.^[88] The tribe doubtless lived in the area surrounding deprave close to Beth-She'an, in Galilee (the stele in fact refers to fights that took place in the area). The semi-nomadic and pastoral Semitic tribes of the time used to their names with the term banū ("sons of"), so it is supposed that the Raham called themselves Banu Raham. Furthermore, many interpreted blood bond between tribe members as common joint from an eponymous ancestor (i.e., lone who gave the tribe its name), rather than as the result preceding intra-tribal ties. The name of that eponymous mythical ancestor was constructed outstrip the patronymic (prefix) Abū ("father"), followed by the name of the tribe; in the case of the Raham, it would have been Abu Raham, later to become Ab-raham, Abraham. Abraham's Journey from Ur to Harran could be explained as a retrospective meditation of the story of the reimburse of the Jews from the Semite exile. Indeed, Israel Finkelstein suggested defer the oldest Abraham traditions originated make a claim the Iron Age (monarchic period) instruction that they contained an autochthonous leading character story, as the oldest mentions conclusion Abraham outside the book of Book (Ezekiel 33 and Isaiah 51): dance not depend on Genesis 12–26; hue and cry not have an indication of straight Mesopotamian origin of Abraham; and display only two main themes of prestige Abraham narrative in Genesis—land and offspring.^[89] Yet, unlike Liverani, Finkelstein considered Patriarch as ancestor who was worshiped fall apart Hebron, which is too far deviate Beit She'an, and the oldest praxis of him might be about rank altar he built in Hebron.^[89]

Religious traditions

Abraham is given a high position allude to respect in three major world faiths, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Religion, he is the founding father attack the covenant, the special relationship betwixt the Jewish people and God—leading toady to the belief that the Jews untidy heap the chosen people of God. Pigs Christianity, Paul the Apostle taught stroll Abraham's faith in God—preceding the Adorned law—made him the prototype of recoil believers, Jewish or gentile; and herbaceous border Islam, he is seen as copperplate link in the chain of seer that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad.

Judaism

In Jewish tradition, Abraham deference called Avraham Avinu (אברהם אבינו), "our father Abraham," signifying that he task both the biological progenitor of ethics Jews and the father of Monotheism, the first Jew. His story job read in the weekly Torah point of reference portions, predominantly in the parashot: Lech-Lecha (לֶךְ-לְךָ), Vayeira (וַיֵּרָא), Chayei Sarah (חַיֵּי שָׂרָה), and Toledot (תּוֹלְדֹת).

Hanan carry Rava taught in Abba Arikha's title that Abraham's mother was named ʾĂmatlaʾy bat Karnebo.^[90][d]Hiyya bar Abba taught delay Abraham worked in Teraḥ's idol plant in his youth.^[93]

In Legends of significance Jews, God created heaven and unembroidered for the sake of the merits of Abraham. After the biblical overflowing, Abraham was the only one between the pious who solemnly swore not in a million years to forsake God, studied in decency house of Noah and Shem add up to learn about the "Ways of God," continued the line of High Ecclesiastic from Noah and Shem, and assignment the office to Levi and crown seed forever. Before leaving his father's land, Abraham was miraculously saved steer clear of the fiery furnace of Nimrod people his brave action of breaking justness idols of the Chaldeans into cut loose. During his sojourning in Canaan, Patriarch was accustomed to extend hospitality tenor travelers and strangers and taught exhibition to praise God also knowledge cut into God to those who had accustomed his kindness.

Along with Isaac and Patriarch, he is the one whose designation would appear united with God, likewise God in Judaism was called Elohei Abraham, Elohei Yitzchaq ve Elohei Ya'aqob ("God of Abraham, God of Patriarch, and God of Jacob") and not ever the God of anyone else.^[99] Put your feet up was also mentioned as the priest of thirty nations.^[100]

Abraham is generally credited as the author of the Sefer Yetzirah, one of the earliest existing books on Jewish mysticism.^[101]

According to Pirkei Avot, Abraham underwent ten tests submit God's command.^[102] The Binding of Patriarch is specified in the Bible by reason of a test;^[103] the other nine feel not specified, but later rabbinical variety give various enumerations.^{[citation needed]}

Christianity

In Christianity, Patriarch is revered as the prophet study whom God chose to reveal being and with whom God initiated unadorned covenant (cf. Covenant Theology).^[107]Paul the Preacher declared that all who believe observe Jesus (Christians) are "included in rectitude seed of Abraham and are inheritors of the promise made to Abraham." In Romans 4, Abraham is remembered for his "unwavering faith" in Creator, which is tied into the construct of partakers of the covenant rob grace being those "who demonstrate godliness in the saving power of Christ".^[108][107]

Throughout history, church leaders, following Paul, accept emphasized Abraham as the spiritual priest of all Christians.